Improvements made and challenges in investing for the long-term
In 2020 CFA Institute convened a panel revisiting the topic of short-termism and commissioned Fund Governance Analytics to quantitatively analyze the issue as we found many companies reluctant to step away from the short-term earnings guidance game.
Issuers and investors have begun to understand the importance of issuer–investor communications in getting both sides on the same page on many long-term strategic issues. In the years since our 2006 report was published, investors and issuers have increasingly invested in resources dedicated to fostering engagement. Both parties realize that building a trusting relationship can increase understanding and avoid the adversarial relationships that often existed between the two groups in the past.
These improvements in the short-termism and long-termism landscape should indeed be celebrated, but more work remains to be done. Many companies have traded in short-term earnings guidance for either long-term guidance or a more diverse set of metrics that better informs investors.
ERISA plan fiduciaries select investments to make (1) directly on behalf of plan participants and beneficiaries, or (2) indirectly on behalf of plan participants and beneficiaries by selecting investment options to offer them. The DOL describes ESG investments as including socially responsible investing, responsible investing, and sustainable investing (ESG/sustainable investing). The DOL proposed regulation would direct those fiduciaries to look askance at ESG/sustainable investments. In particular, the proposed regulation would provide that
(1) ESG/sustainable investments are only permitted if the plan fiduciary overcomes burdens not applicable to other investing approaches regardless of the economic value of the investment, and
(2) ESG/sustainable investment alternatives for self-directed plans, regardless of their economic values, may not (a) be a qualified default investment alternative or a component of such an alternative, or (b) include alternatives if the fiduciary acknowledges having used any ESG/sustainable investment considerations that are not “objective risk-return criteria.”
Many commenters suggested that the proposed regulations be significantly revised, and there appeared to be broad agreement on two revisions:
• The regulation should permit an investment alternative may be a qualified default investment alternative for a self-directed plan regardless of whether the alternative makes any use of ESG/Sustainable consideration, such as using the S&P® index; and
• The regulation should distinguish between the use of ESG/Sustainable considerations to determine the economic value of an investment, i.e., the incorporation approach, which may be judged in the same manner as any other valuation tool, and cases in which consideration are used for other purposes.
There was a strong factual disagreement about whether ESG/sustainable considerations are only used to value investments, including as a risk-management tool, in which case there is no reason for any special scrutiny of those considerations. If those considerations are ever used for other purposes, such as to have positive effects for the environment, society, or enterprise governance, some argue ERISA not only prohibits such consideration, but special scrutiny is needed to avoid these so-called abuses. even if the pursuit of those goals does not reduce the economic value of the plan’s investment or plan’s choice of an investment alternative to make available to plan participants and beneficiaries.
There was also a strong legal disagreement about whether the regulation should, as it does in very narrow circumstances, ever permit fiduciaries to use any ESG/sustainable considerations that do not determine an investment’s economic value to decide between direct investments which have the same expected economic value.
The paper argues that it is advisable for the DOL to revise the proposed regulation to be consistent with ERISA, the usual practice of prudent ERISA fiduciaries exercising due diligence in making plan investment decisions, prior DOL guidance, and the reasonable preferences of many ERISA plan fiduciaries, participants, and beneficiaries to reflect not only the commenters’ broad consensus but also :
• Delete any additional reporting or review requirements on ERISA plan fiduciaries that the rule would impose only if the name of the investment and/or the investment approach includes an ESG/Sustainable reference;
• State that because multiple options often have the same best expected economic value, ERISA plan fiduciaries making investments need not, and often may not, consider only the investment’s expected economic value ; and
• Permit, but not require, ERISA plan fiduciaries to choose and retain “ethically beneficial” investments that do not sacrifice any economic value by using any non-pecuniary consideration to select or monitor investments if such consideration is not illegal, and does not reduce the expected economic value of the investment.
Delighted to share the following announcement as we work toward a global standard on ESG investing. I’m proud of the effort our working group has put into this much needed area over the past eight months. Public comments from across the industry are welcome and encouraged. #ESG#standards#sustainabilityhttps://lnkd.in/eATPWYE
This week we focus on the U.S. consumer. Consumer spending represents over two-thirds of gross domestic product (GDP) in the U.S. and is therefore a critically important force in the economy and markets, both for U.S. and global companies. The good news is that consumer spending, supported by federal stimulus measures and a recovering job market, has defied expectations throughout this recession and has recovered substantially from its lows in April.[1] While consumer spending has held up, there have been some recent headwinds from the continuing drag from the pandemic and the prospect of a “no-deal” stimulus package in the near term.
Total U.S. Consumer Spending (as of 6/30/2020)
There is also no doubt consumer spending has shifted during the pandemic, with significantly more shopping occurring online. The increase in ecommerce has been breathtaking to say the least with the growth in ecommerce over the last several months outpacing the growth over the prior 18 quarters combined.[2]
And while this has clearly manifested itself in the performance among a core set of retailers, it has also been supportive to small business:[3]
And the future bodes well given the current position of U.S. consumers, with savings up 54.6% from one year ago:[4] Measures of new orders and PMIs (Purchasing Manager Indexes) we referenced in last week’s letter also reinforces this point. According to a recent statement from the research firm, Markit, “Total new business rose for the first time since February and at a solid rate. Manufacturing firms registered a steeper expansion in new order inflows than in July, while Services signaled a renewed increase in sales.”
Despite continued cautious notes from the Fed (see below), James Bullard, the St. Louis Fed President, had this to say about the outlook for the rest of the year (excerpted from a Reuters interview this week):[5]
Though the situation seems chaotic, with federal, state and local officials laying out competing ideas about what activities are safe and under what conditions, Bullard said that shows adaptation in process, and will allow the country to fine-tune behavior and economic activity to what a “persistent” health threat allows. “I think Wall Street has called this about right so far,” he said, noting how firms like Wal-Mart, with its mandatory masking and other rules, have found ways to operate that others will copy. “There is a lot of ability to mitigate and proceed and most of the data has surprised to the upside…So I think we are going to do somewhat better…I expect more businesses to be able to operate and more of the economy to be able to run…successfully in the second half of 2020.” Bullard said he sees the U.S. economy shrinking 4% for the year, substantially more optimistic then the -6.5% median projection his colleagues made in June, and also less dire than the median forecast of economists polled by Reuters in mid-July. That saw a 5.6% hit to GDP for the year, with a catastrophic annualized decline of 32.9% in the April to June period offset by what will likely be similarly outsized growth numbers in the third and fourth quarters.
[1] Chetty, Friedman, Hendren, Stepner [2] Baird-Strategas [3] Bloomberg [4] Bloomberg, quoted from Craig Johnson, president of Customer Growth Partners [5] Reuters.
The pandemic has persuaded some investors of the potential financial damage from global warming
As 2020 kicked off, Dan Gocher at the Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility, a shareholder advocacy organisation, was feeling “pretty optimistic” about its plans to force big Australian energy companies to tackle climate change.
BlackRock, the $6.8tn asset manager, and other large investors had proclaimed an urgent need to arrest global warming. With the renewed focus on climate change following the devastating bushfires in Australia, the ACCR was hopeful several climate-related resolutions filed at oil and gas producers Santos and Woodside would gain strong shareholder support at their annual meetings in April.
The second quarter GDP number came out this week and it was the worst on record, contracting -32% on an annualized basis. The projection for the third quarter is now estimated at +18%, which we expect will be one of the best on record. We have been saying since March the data in the short run will look horrific, but the upswing will likely be equally dramatic. However, the shape of the recovery continues to remain dependent on the path of the virus..
The probability for a successful vaccine, perhaps as early as the end of this year, remains high given current developments. A study out this week by the National Institute of Health (NIH) regarding the Moderna vaccine brought further welcome news on that front.[1] In addition, the FDA is about to approve emergency use of antigen treatments from the blood plasma of recovered patients, which is anticipated to open the way for one of the most promising treatments for COVID-19 patients.
Here in the U.S., despite increasing cases, we continue to see the level of hospitalization and ICU utilization remain well within capacity limits. Cases in the Sunbelt appear to be leveling off. As of the most recent CDC report (see table below) only 8% of hospital capacity is estimated to be COVID-19 related (about 64,500 patients), and total unused capacity for both hospital beds and ICUs is about 40% (approximately 320,000 inpatient and 50,000 ICU beds). As we have noted before, from the point of view of the markets, it is not the headline number of cases that is the issue, but rather the hospital utilization numbers and mortality rates.
So, we ask the question this week: at what level would new daily case counts overwhelm the hospital system? Given the ratio of hospitalization to current cases is about 3% nationally, and the average hospital duration is 11 days, we can impute the maximum daily case level from current available capacity figures noted above. Based on the hospitalization rate, cases could surge another 11 million before we would hit capacity from the current base of 2.3 million, representing a growth rate of 500%. Factoring in hospital stay duration results in the following: 11 million total cases divided by 11 days = 1 million new cases per day.
The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IMHE) current projection of daily infections at current levels of social distancing projects daily infection rates of 115,000 (the seven-day average is closer to 66,700), a number they forecast declining into October. In contrast, the worst-case, upper end of their projections, assuming continued easing of restrictions, is 317,000 per day, or less than a third of our estimated maximum daily threshold. Short of a complete abandonment of any social distancing policies or practices, this level of new daily cases is unlikely to be realized.[3]
Why is this important? Business restrictions and consumer activity will remain sensitive to these factors, and so as long as the medical sector can handle caseloads and the need for further shutdowns or greater restrictions lessens, the path of the economic recovery will continue. To the extent that hospitalization and mortality metrics improve through better treatments, the sharper the “V”, as shown in the figure below. The steeper the recovery, the better performance from equities, particularly across the many sectors that have lagged information technology this year.
Markets and the Next Stimulus Package
For now, equity markets appear to be in a period of consolidation, although still up since the end of the quarter, as Congress determines the next fiscal stimulus package. With the additional $600 per week unemployment benefits set to expire today, Congress has been pushing forward on a plan to extend those benefits, albeit at potentially reduced levels.
The municipal market is anticipating that some portion of the bill will bring relief to current budget shorfalls. Since the May 12 HEROES act, the municipal market AAA scale has rallied by almost 50 basis points (0.50%). Democrats have proposed an additional $1 trillion of support, and the Republican side has proposed no support. Wall Street is estimating that they will compromise and settle around $400-500 billion of support for states and cities.
The NY transportation system, one of the largest municipal issuers, recently stated that they need an additional $3.9 billion to keep operating through the end of the year or it will be forced to implement severe cuts in order to meet the transportation needs of the city. In the meantime, numerous states have enacted temporary spending plans with the belief they will receive additional government support.
The Fed met this week and announced no adjustments to current interest rate policy beyond their intention to remain extremely supportive through 2022. The Fed also announced they will extend emergency lending programs by three months until year end. All but one of the nine programs was set to expire. These programs serve as a lender-of-last-resort and help support the lending function of the corporate and municipal markets.
Education and the reopening of schools came into focus this week. Approximately 40% of households have at least one minor child at home, which has ramifications for the labor market and consumers.[1] The path to mobilizing 56 million students back to schools is not clear cut, and a number of school districts are in the midst of announcing plans that run the gamut. Earlier this week, Los Angeles announced the decision to remain virtual despite the fact that a third of their students never logged on during the shutdown last spring (Baird-Strategas). The implications for students and families that remain at home are significant, and the pressure has been on to find ways to make education in the classroom a safe reality. The CDC is currently working on a set of new guidelines to help school districts accomplish this in the coming days. About 65% of universities and colleges have already announced their decision to bring students back in the fall, albeit with adjustments and cautionary measures in place.[2]
In the meantime, cases continue to surge, but mortality rates have remained flat over the past seven days. It is interesting to note that Miami-Dade County, which has been described as the new Wuhan or epicenter of the pandemic, never re-opened its restaurants and bars. California, the first state to shut down, has sought to reinstate a limited lockdown, which will have implications for its local economy. Recent data shows that states that emerged from lockdown earlier have consistently seen lower unemployment rates and faster recoveries.[3]
The stock market continued its rally this week, as economic data continued to show signs of improvement. At the close of the market on Wednesday, the S&P 500’s year to date return was flat for the first time since the crash in March. The NFIB survey of small business revenue expectations came out this week, showing the fastest snap-back on record, and a near complete recovery since first quarter of this year (see figure).[4] While it was highlighted recently in the press that 20,000 to 30,000 small businesses have experienced closure this year, it’s important to note that this is a fraction of the nearly 30 million American small businesses.[5]
Equity
As the sentiment among smaller companies improves, our rebalance in mid-May from large cap equities to the small cap sector is paying off. With Wednesday’s big move in small cap, our small cap sleeve has pulled ahead of both the large cap growth and value indexes, up 19.54% versus 15.27%, respectively, over this time period. Large cap technology enjoyed a strong rally from mid-May before correcting in the second week of June. Since that time, small caps have steadily gained traction as supportive economic data from the re-opening of the economy has rolled in. Of note, the Russell 2000 (small cap index) still has a good bit of room to run here as the index is still down nearly 12% YTD versus the Russell 1000 (large cap index) , which is nearly even for the year.
Fixed Income
The Fed owns $4.2 trillion of U.S. government debt, roughly 22% of the total outstanding. Since March it has purchased about $1.7 trillion in treasuries with the aim to improve market function primarily focused on the short end of the yield curve. With the short rates anchored near zero, the curve experienced some steepening YTD (2s/10s) of around 45 basis points currently. The yield curve flattened a little in June with COVID-19 cases increasing, but we expect that steepening to continue at a very gradual pace.
Real yields remain in negative territory showing the easy monetary conditions
The Copper/Gold ratio shows rates should be heading higher
10-year breakeven has been climbing off the lows of March – a sign that inflation is expected to increase, but still at a low level of only 1.4%
We begin this newsletter with research conducted by Baird Private Asset Management in response to the recent focus in the media regarding pressure on ICU capacity limits in states that have seen an upsurge in the virus.[1] One fact that has not been widely reported in these stories is that under normal conditions, ICUs at hospitals tend to run at higher levels of capacity, in the range of 55% to 82%. We examined the top 10 states by GDP contribution (cumulatively about 60% of total US GDP), and found that ICUs are actually running within or even below normal ranges.[2] This includes the Sunbelt states, Florida, Texas and California, which have been held out among the leading states experiencing case surges. Remarkably, over the last seven days total estimated ICU admissions have increased by a fractional 635 cases as compared to approximately 375,000 new cases, or 0.17% (Arizona saw a mere increase of 65 cases, and California was actually flat). This compares to peak ICU occupancy due to COVID back on April 17th of 18,000 compared to 6,396 today, when new daily case rates were half of what they are currently.[3]
Equities. With the ongoing rally in stocks, investors continue to question whether current valuations are justified or disconnected from reality. A review of year-to-date industry sector performance suggests that recent valuations remain in-line and fairly priced, and that – with only two of eleven sectors significantly positive for the year – what appears to be disconnected are the indices themselves. Take the S&P 500 index for example, which is now down a mere -2.65% on the year, compared to the underlying sectors that comprise it. This is due to the market-cap weighted structure of this index and many others like it, i.e. larger stocks by market value make up a greater percentage of the index. With the run up in technology stocks, this one sector alone now comprises nearly 30% of the index. The valuations are not at a level that is concerning to us, but the concentration of this sector within the index is at a level we haven’t seen since the “Dot Com” bubble of the late 1990’s.
What this means is that there are segments of the market that remain undervalued and attractive, and there are abundant opportunities in strategies away from the index.
Today we provide a brief update in advance of the Fourth of July holiday weekend, with the markets closed today. The second quarter that ended on Tuesday was the best quarter for the stock market in more than 20 years. This, of course, came on the heels of one of the worst quarters in recent memory, with the stock market falling 35% in less than six weeks due to the shutdown of the global economy at the start of the coronavirus pandemic. The recovery in the markets has been spurred by strong resumption of economic activity combined with unprecedented government stimulus. The S&P 500 finished the second quarter up 20%, its biggest gain since the final quarter of 1998. The rally has cut losses for the year on the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial indexes to -4% and -9.6%, respectively.
The market has looked past the – especially recent – rising number of coronavirus cases considering improving therapies, falling mortality rates and strong prospects for an effective vaccine. There are over 100 vaccines in development, a handful of which are already at Stage 3 testing. Some lingering concerns remain at the prospect of resumption of shutdown policies in certain hotspots like California and Florida, but for now, the current trend is mitigation through masks and continued social-distancing, with some renewed restrictions on bars and restaurants.
We had another blow-out jobs number this morning with 4.8 million jobs added in June; well above the 3.7 million anticipated. The unemployment rate now stands at 11.1%. The U.S. had lost more than 22 million jobs at the height of the shutdown in April and has since added back 7.5 million. In addition, new claims for unemployment fell this past week to 430,000; the lowest level since February.
Investments
While stocks continue to move higher, bond yields remain low and spreads continue to tighten. Credit and municipals have largely recovered from steep losses in Q1. The general tone of the market remains constructive and firm, and demand continues to outstrip supply. The Fed remains a significant portion of that support by purchasing ETFs and individual bonds through its Corporate Credit Facility, which opened on June 29.
We are also seeing stabilization in the commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) markets after dropping in May. The weakest segments in the BB and BBB- segments have stabilized to some degree over the last few weeks. While we don’t invest directly in the CMBS markets, this is an important indicator for the real estate market. We expect to see a negative Q2 return for real estate; however, most of the impacts have been concentrated in the hotel and retail sectors, where our managers do not heavily invest. As shown in the table below, these two sectors make up the majority share of CMBS that have transferred into special servicing (i.e., workout, both pre- and post-Covid-19).[1]
America is on the road. But is it on the road to economic recovery or a pandemic relapse?
Fans of “On the Road” — Jack Kerouac’s 1957 classic of beatnik literature — will recall that its giddy, low-punctuation style is sometimes a little hard to follow. The same might be said of the data Americans are currently generating, some of which undoubtedly points to a rapid (if not quite V-shaped) recovery, and some of which seems to indicate either a second wave of Covid-19 infections or simply the continuation of the first wave.
The two are not separate stories, but rather a single, intertwined narrative. The best title for this tale was devised by my Hoover Institution colleague, the economist John Cochrane. He called it “The Dumb Reopening.” A smart reopening is the sort that has been possible in countries such as Taiwan and South Korea, which were so quick to ramp up testing and contact tracing that they didn’t need to do lockdowns in the first place. Among European countries, Germany and Greece have also successfully adopted these methods, which ensure that any new outbreaks of Covid-19 can quickly be detected, so-called super-spreaders isolated, their recent contacts swiftly traced and tested, and the outbreaks snuffed out.